A Systematic Review of Continuum Modeling of Skeletal Muscles: Current Trends, Limitations, and Recommendations

Table 2

Constitutive laws for passive muscle modeling (II).

References	Muscles	Geometries	Constitutive laws	Simulation	Validation
Wang et al. [31]	Calf muscles	1 healthy subject, 2D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Mooney-Rivlin model)  = 1310 Pa,  = −961 Pa,  = 886 Pa	Outside compression	In vivo MRI measurement (deformed geometries, cross-sectional area reduction)
Wu et al. [26]	20 facial muscles	1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Mooney-Rivlin model)  = 2.5 kPa,  = 1.175 kPa	Facial expressions	Skin deformation from the structured-light scanner
Affagard et al. [29]	Ischios, quadriceps, gracilis, and sartorius	1 healthy subject, 2D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Neo-Hookean model)  = [1.75–3.75] kPa,  MPa^−1	Contention, compression, and indentation	Ultrasound displacement measurement
Zöllner et al. [30]	Gastrocnemius	1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data	Hyperelastic material (Neo-Hookean model)  N/mm^2 and  N/mm^2	High heel posture	Qualitative comparison with literature
Lee et al. [32]	Generic (back spine muscles)	3 healthy subjects, 3D geometries from scanning	Hyperelastic material (Mooney-Rivlin model)  = 1.65 kPa,  = 3.35 kPa	Contact pressure simulation	Contact pressure measurements
Wheatley et al. [34]	Biceps femoris	Ideal 3D cuboid form geometries	Visco-poroelastic material (FEBio)	Compression	In vitro permeability measurement