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| References | Muscles | Geometries | Fiber architecture | Constitutive laws | Simulation | Validation |
|
| Röhrle et al. [49] | Tibialis anterior | Ideal 3D geometries | Parallel fiber distribution at a pennation angle | Active multiscale electromechanical material | Activation | Qualitative comparison with literature |
| Hernández-Gascón et al. [50] | Tibial anterior | 1 rat, 3D geometries from MRI | Fusiform form | Active electromechanical material (thermodynamically consistent constitutive model) (11 parameters) | Isometric and concentric contractions | Comparison with literature |
| Heidlauf and Röhrle [51] | Tibialis anterior | Ideal 3D fiber geometries | Parallel fiber distribution along the edge of the cuboid | Active multiscale chemo-electro-mechanical material (20 parameters) | Shortening, isometric contraction | Comparison with literature (muscle length-force characteristics) |
| Toumanidou and Noailly [52] | Lumbar spine muscles | 3D muscle network from anatomical landmarks | Fibers aligned in one direction | Active transversely isotropic, hyperelastic, and quasi-incompressible material (8 parameters, UMAT Abaqus) | Standing posture and lying position | Comparison with literature (intradiscal pressure) |
| Kinugasa et al. [53] | Gastrocnemius and soleus | 1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data | Fascicle orientation measurement from ultrasound images | Active transversely isotropic, hyperelastic, and quasi-incompressible material | Plantar flexion | Achilles tendon force measurements |
| Spyrou et al. [54] | Generic | 3D periodic unit cells | Fiber direction along the global z-axis | Active two-phase composite material (UMAT Abaqus) (14 parameters) | Uniaxial loading | In vitro passive and active stress-strain response measurement (tibialis anterior) |
| Clemen et al. [55] | Biceps | 1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data | Parallel fiber distribution in a single direction | Active transversely isotropic hyperelastic material | Isometric contraction | Measured indentation data |
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