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| References | Muscles | Geometries | Fiber architecture | Constitutive laws | Simulation | Validation |
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| Gladilin et al. [56] | 20 facial muscles | 1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data | Fiber tangent interpolation using B-spline | Active fibrous material with heuristic model construction | Facial mimics (happiness, disgust) | No |
| Röhrle and Pullan [57] | Masseter | 3D geometries from the Visible Human Project | Parallel fiber distribution using anatomical-based approximation | Active hyperelastic, incompressible, and transversely isotropic material (9 constants) | Mastication | Comparison with literature |
| Beldie et al. [22] | 20 facial muscles | 1 patient, 3D geometries from MRI data | Parallel fiber distribution in a single direction | Active, quasi-incompressible, transversely isotropic, and hyperelastic material (13 parameters) (UMAT LS-DYNA) | Maxillofacial surgery | In vivo postsurgery data (skin envelop) |
| Nazari et al. [58] | 10 paired facial muscles | 1 subject, 3D geometries from CT data | Curvature-driven cable elements | Active transversely isotropic material (ANSYS) | Dynamic orofacial movements | Measured velocity profile and the acoustic signal |
| Wu et al. [26] | 20 facial muscles | 1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data | Fiber angle interpolation by piecewise linear functions | Active heterogeneous force-drivenhyperelastic material | Facial expressions | Skin deformation from the structured-light scanner |
| Fan et al. [59] | 2 paired zygomaticus major | 1 healthy subject, 3D geometries from MRI data | Parallel fiber distribution in muscle mean-line direction | Active transversely isotropic, hyperelastic, and quasi-incompressiblematerial (5 parameters) (VUMAT Abaqus) | Facial mimics | In vivo MRI-based displacement |
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