A Numerical Investigation of Risk Factors Affecting Lumbar Spine Injuries Using a Detailed Lumbar Model

Table 1

Stiffness of ligaments used in the current study (unit: N/mm).

Ligaments	T12-L1	L1-L2	L2-L3	L3-L4	L4-L5	L5-S1
ALL	32.9	32.4	20.8	39.5	40.5	32.9
PLL	10	17.1	36.6	10.6	25.8	10
LF	24.2	23	25.1	34.5	27.2	24.2
CL	31.7	42.5	33.9	32.3	30.6	31.7
ISL	12.1	10	9.6	18.1	8.7	12.1
SSL	15.1	23	24.8	34.8	18	15.1
ITL	15.1	23	24.8	34.8	18	15.1