Gait Characteristics of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy during Inclined Treadmill Walking under a Virtual Reality Environment
Table 3
Descriptive statistics for key gait variables of CP and TD children under two walking conditions (level and uphill treadmill walking) and results of two-way ANOVA for differences in the group (CP or TD children), walking condition, and interaction.
Parameters
Level
Uphill (+10 degree)
value of ANOVA
CP
TD
CP
TD
Group
Walking condition
Interaction
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Speed (m/s)
0.42
0.16
0.64
0.06
0.32
0.14
0.58
0.07
<0.01
<0.01
0.494
Stride length (m)
0.52
0.19
0.68
0.12
0.39
0.16
0.65
0.14
0.003
<0.01
0.001
Step width (m)
0.09
0.02
0.12
0.04
0.09
0.03
0.11
0.04
0.05
0.135
0.199
Stance phase (%)
71.12
4.23
66.2
0.92
73.95
3.5
67.49
1.07
<0.01
<0.01
0.063
Peak trunk flexion (°)
8.12
4.07
6.01
1.85
7.21
4.32
4.56
3.1
0.069
0.228
0.779
Peak trunk extension (°)
-2.7
2.75
-0.16
1.38
1.06
4.48
0.62
3.85
0.375
0.026
0.132
Peak trunk rotation (°)
4.84
8.90
4.96
6.67
2.86
8.53
9.21
5.23
0.493
0.224
0.017
Peak trunk lateral flexion (°)
-2.30
6.92
6.36
2.50
8.28
6.01
4.50
3.66
0.226
0.241
0.47
Peak pelvic anterior tilt (°)
12.46
5.2
12.93
4.35
26.07
6.94
26.3
7.38
0.88
<0.01
0.865
Peak pelvic posterior tilt (°)
7.34
4.49
8.9
4.48
21.01
7.13
21.9
7.7
0.593
<0.01
0.682
Peak pelvic oblique (°)
-2.88
7.28
-2.53
3.29
-5.86
7.55
-5.47
4.30
0.95
<0.01
0.941
Peak hip flexion (°)
39.81
9.32
38.91
7.33
49.65
11.4
52.5
10.26
0.786
<0.01
0.292
Peak hip extension (°)
6.62
7.62
3.36
6.61
11.28
7.26
7.16
8.36
0.182
<0.01
0.684
Peak hip abduction (°)
9.98
10.18
9.85
3.77
8.47
9.36
6.33
2.96
0.816
0.026
0.28
Peak hip adduction (°)
2.74
16.79
4.62
4.99
1.30
11.20
5.18
5.03
0.581
0.761
0.459
Peak knee flexion during LR (°)
27.15
6.43
20.54
9.95
44.63
6.7
34.66
10.09
<0.01
<0.01
0.333
Peak knee flexion (°)
60.74
8.11
65.63
11.18
60.58
7.72
67.06
5.44
0.044
0.546
0.454
Peak knee extension (°)
12.75
6.9
4.23
4.8
14.61
7.24
10.49
6.57
<0.01
<0.01
0.063
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Mean
SD
Peak ankle dorsiflexion (°)
17.55
6.53
11.86
3.59
24.18
5.81
18.64
4.3
<0.01
<0.01
0.932
Peak ankle plantarflexion (°)
-5.58
7.62
-14.27
6.14
2.73
7.36
-9.57
6.64
<0.01
<0.01
0.174
Knee flexion at IC (°)
23.49
7.86
6.93
6.01
43.88
6.21
26.74
13.21
<0.01
<0.01
0.878
Ankle sagittal angle at IC (°)
-1.14
8.18
-5.43
4.6
11.31
7.05
1.46
5.82
<0.01
<0.01
0.004
Peak hip extension moment (/kg)
0.54
0.18
0.36
0.09
0.79
0.19
0.55
0.15
<0.01
<0.01
0.395
Peak hip flexion moment (/kg)
-0.17
0.07
-0.16
0.07
-0.10
0.05
-0.08
0.04
0.398
<0.01
0.852
Peak hip abduction moment (/kg)
0.44
0.21
0.62
0.12
0.39
0.14
0.54
0.09
0.018
0.113
0.596
Peak knee abduction moment (/kg)
0.11
0.05
0.10
0.05
0.12
0.06
0.15
0.08
0.898
0.066
0.179
Peak knee adduction moment (/kg)
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.737
0.78
0.962
First peak knee extension moment (/kg)
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.23
0.15
0.032
0.657
0.057
Peak knee flexion moment (/kg)
-0.24
0.14
-0.22
0.19
-0.24
0.15
-0.25
0.11
0.908
0.423
0.584
First knee peak flexion moment (/kg)
-0.23
0.15
-0.19
0.11
-0.23
0.16
-0.24
0.13
0.82
0.368
0.392
Peak ankle plantarflexion moment (/kg)
0.76
0.26
0.99
0.19
0.74
0.16
0.91
0.21
<0.01
0.255
0.545
Peak ankle dorsiflexion moment (/kg)
-0.05
0.06
-0.09
0.05
-0.02
0.01
-0.06
0.03
<0.01
0.01
0.996
COM-COP anterior distance (m)
0.12
0.05
0.14
0.05
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.077
<0.01
0.838
COM-COP posterior distance (m)
0.09
0.08
0.22
0.19
0.14
0.14
0.27
0.13
0.088
0.092
0.764
COM-COP medial distance (m)
0.15
0.04
0.15
0.02
0.16
0.04
0.14
0.02
0.696
0.628
0.555
COM-COP lateral distance (m)
-0.09
0.04
-0.04
0.04
-0.08
0.07
-0.03
0.03
0.07
0.32
0.624
Abbreviations: LR = load responding; IC = initial contact; CP = cerebral palsy; TD = typically developing.
