Knee Joint Biomechanics in Physiological Conditions and How Pathologies Can Affect It: A Systematic Review

Table 14

Overview over the biomechanical effects of SCI, stroke, and CP.

Study	Knee disorders	Analysis	Effects
Barbeau et al. [102]	SCI	Kinematics	A lower knee ROM and peak knee-swing-flexion angle for SCI patients
		Kinetics	A larger peak knee moment for SCI patients
Desrosiers et al. [103]	SCI	Kinetics	A lower knee power during uphill and downhill walking for SCI patients
Pepin et al. [104]	SCI	Kinematics	A longer knee flexion at good contact and maintain the longer flexion throughout the stance phase of walking for SCI patients.
Sridar et al. [109]	Stroke	Kinematics	A lower walking speed for stroke patients
		Muscles	A lower quadriceps muscle moment and power for stroke patients
Chen et al. [112]	Stroke	Kinematics	A lower knee flexion in the swing phase of walking for poststroke patients
Stanhope et al. [113]	Stroke	Kinematics	Post-stroke patients can compensate their poor knee flexion in walking through faster speed
Marrocco et al. [114]	Stroke	Kinetics	A greater dynamic knee joint loading for stroke patients and no significant difference between the E-KFM/E-KAM of stroke and healthy subjects.
Novak et al. [115]	Stroke	Kinetics	A less energy transference in mid-stance of walking and a lower energy absorption in the late stance of walking for stroke patients
Lerner [19] and Thapa et al. [116]	CP	Kinetics	Crouch gait (characterized by excessive knee flexion in stance phase), walking inefficiency, and consumes much more energy
Hicks et al. [120]	CP	Kinematics	Minimum knee flexion angle during the stance phase exceeding 40 deg for CP patients