Health View to Decrease Negative Effect of High Heels Wearing: A Systemic Review

Table 5

Summary of articles related to the effect of insert insole on female.

Number	Participant characteristics ()				Shoe condition	Type of insole	Variables measured	Purpose	Main findings
		Age (years)	Height (m)	Weight (kg)	Height of heel (cm)
5	15				1.0, 5.1, 7.6	(i) TCI II (from rearfoot to metatarsal head)	(i) Kinematic; (ii) EMG; (iii) Comfort rating	To investigate how shoe heel height and use of TCI in high-heeled shoes affect the wearer’s rearfoot complex, muscle loading, and subjective comfort	(i) The use of TCI reduced the rearfoot inversion angle and in both QUA and ES muscles activity; (ii) Comfort rating increased by using TCI
6	8				0, 4.5, 8.5	(i) MF foams insole with soft (5 mm),; (ii) MF soft 10 mm; (iii) MF hard 5 mm; (iv) MF soft 10 mm	(i) Plantar pressure	To determine the effect of foam inserts in targeted medial foot region on the foot pressure distribution during normal walking	(i) Thicker soft foam sole significantly reduced peak pressure in MF than thinner hard foams; (ii) The maximum force and peak pressure reduced in the MF region bu using foams than no insole in HH
7	20				1.0, 5.1, 7.6	(i) TCI insole	(i) Perceived stability; (ii) Plantar pressure; (iii) GRF	To evaluate the effect of TCI on comfort perception and plantar pressure	(i) The comfort ratings were significantly increased when wearing with TCI; (ii) Use of the TCI reduced the peak pressure in the medial forefoot; (iii) Mean GRF decreased to 39% BW in the highest shoes with the TCI; (iv) It was more effective to use TCL in higher heels than in the lower heels and in flat heels
8	10				1.0, 5.1, 7.6	(i) Heel cup pad; (ii) Arch support; (iii) Metatarsal pad; (iv) TCI	(i) Plantar pressure; (ii) Comfort rating	Whether use of shoe inserts change foot pressure distribution, impact force, and perceived comfort during walking	(i) Heel cup insert reduced the heel pressure and impact force; (ii) Arch support insert reduced the medial forefoot pressure and improved comfort; (iii) TCI reduce heel pressure, medial forefoot pressure, and impact force and provided a higher perceived comfort

Note: TCI: total contact insert; MF: medial forefoot; GRF: grand reaction force; BW: body weight; QUA: quadriceps; ES: erector spinae; EMG: electromyography.