Application of Leg, Vertical, and Joint Stiffness in Running Performance: A Literature Overview

Table 4

List of the longitudinal studies on training effects on mechanical stiffness.

Authors	Year	Number of participants	Sport background	Motor skill	Stiffness measure
Ache-Dias et al. [128]	2018	18 ()	Recreational runners	Submaximal constant load running test on treadmill (6 min at 9 km/h)	Leg, vertical
Lum et al. [129]	2019	14 males	Moderately trained endurance runners	10 km running on treadmill at 10 km/h and 12 km/h	Leg, vertical
Nagahara and Zushi [127]	2017	9 males	Sprinter, 2 jumpers, 5 pole vaulters, and a decathlete	60 m sprint	Leg, vertical, knee joint, ankle joint
Roschel et al. [130]	2015	15 humans	Recreational runners	Submaximal running tests on treadmill (10 min at 12 km/h and 90% ventilatory threshold intensity)	Vertical
Rumpf et al. [73]	2015	32 children	Physically active and trained a minimum of two times per week	30 m sprint on treadmill	Leg, vertical