Abstract
Objective. To analyze the prognostic impact of staged nursing interventions on the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) combined with type II respiratory failure. Methods. 120 patients with COPD combined with type II respiratory failure admitted to our hospital between January 2021 and January 2022 were divided into a control group and a study group, with 60 patients in each group. The control group received conventional strategy interventions, and the study group received staged nursing interventions. Pulmonary function, blood gases, health impairment, knowledge, mood, hope level, and quality of survival were evaluated before and after patient care, and satisfaction and the impact on patient prognosis were assessed. Results. The improvement of pulmonary function and blood gas in the study group was better than that in the control group aftercare, and the difference was statistically significant (). Health impairment and mood scores were lower in the study group compared to the control group aftercare, and the difference was statistically significant (). Knowledge awareness, hope, and quality of survival scores were higher in the study group compared to the control group aftercare, with statistically significant differences (). The rate of excellent prognosis and satisfaction was higher in the study group compared with the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (). Conclusion. The implementation of staged nursing interventions during the treatment of patients with COPD combined with type II respiratory failure can significantly improve patient prognosis and has a high application value.
1. Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease with high mortality and recurrence rates, which is characterized by decreased lung function and incomplete reversible airflow obstruction. Studies have concluded [1] that the aggravation of airway obstruction in patients affects the ventilation function and eventually leads to the development of type II respiratory failure, which has a certain impact on the life safety of patients. Currently, the treatment of COPD combined with type II respiratory failure is mainly based on noninvasive ventilation therapy, which can not only effectively relieve airway obstruction but also inhibit further aggravation of respiratory failure, with significant clinical efficacy [2]. However, it has been reported [3] that in order to effectively improve the efficacy of mechanical ventilation therapy in patients, reasonable and effective nursing interventions are needed to maximize the effect of ventilation and improve the prognosis.
The main contents of staged nursing intervention include admission education and management, operation period nursing, early postoperative rehabilitation nursing, and continuous rehabilitation nursing guidance. According to different surgical approaches and repair methods, targeted care, especially postoperative rehabilitation care and functional exercise, can greatly promote the recovery of patients’ functions and shorten the patient’s hospital stay. In contrast, routine care mainly reffered to admission guidance, simple health education, regular physical examination, prevention of complications, and guidance of patients on the use of COPD medication, which was demonstrated to be less efficient than staged nursing intervention [4]. As shown in a study of nursing intervention on self-efficacy among elderly patients with acute coronary syndrome after percutaneous coronary intervention, the nursing intervention effect of the 2 groups after intervention was improved before intervention (), and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) was lower than that of the control group after psychological intervention. The general self-efficacy scale scores of experimental group were obviously improved after receiving the intervention, and the scores in the experimental group were much higher than the control group after receiving the intervention, namely [1]. Inspired by these data of the prognostic effect of nursing interventions, this study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of its application by adding staged nursing interventions during patient treatment, which is reported as below.
2. Objects and Methods
2.1. Object of the Study
120 patients with COPD combined with type II respiratory failure who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were admitted to our hospital between January 2021 and January 2022 were selected and divided into a control group and a study group of 60 cases each according to the random number table method. The general information of the two groups is shown in Table 1, and the two groups were balanced and comparable (). The inclusion criteria are as follows: meeting the clinical diagnostic criteria for COPD and type II respiratory failure, complete information, voluntary participation, and all treated with the same treatment protocol. The exclusion criteria are as follows: having other pulmonary pathologies such as pulmonary embolism; lung cancer; aberrant cardiogenic pulmonary edema; liver, kidney, and another important organ insufficiency; blurred consciousness; and no communication ability.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Treatment Method
Both groups were treated with conventional interventions, including nutritional support and water-electrolyte balance, and were treated with a dual-level noninvasive ventilator, with 12 breaths/min to 20 breaths/min, 6 cm H2O to 8 cm H2O as the initial inspiratory pressure, and 2 cm H2O to 3 cm H2O as the initial inspiratory pressure, and the patients were closely monitored for changes in their condition during treatment, and the parameters were adjusted in time. The maximum inspiratory air pressure was 5 cm H2O~6 cm H2O, and when the patient’s condition was in a stable state, the inspiratory air pressure and suction pressure were adjusted down, and the inspiratory oxygen level was 40% during this process, and the flow rate was 4 L/min~6 L/min, and ventilation was performed for 4 h ~6 h each time.
2.2.2. Nursing Method
In the control group, the general routine strategy interventions such as disease monitoring and complication prevention were performed, disease monitoring was done according to medical prescriptions, and patients were closely monitored for the presence of sputum in the respiratory tract and cleared in time to reduce the occurrence of adverse events.
The study group applied the stage nursing strategy intervention and formed a stage nursing team, which consisted of a department physician, a department nurse manager, and 5 nurses with more than 5 years of experience in respiratory medicine and excellent service attitude. The nurse manager, as the team leader, discussed the nursing interventions with the team members and formulated the stage nursing measures, which were specifically implemented by the nurses. The specific measures are shown in Table 2.
2.3. Indicator Observation
2.3.1. Pulmonary Function, Blood Gas Analysis
Pulmonary function and arterial blood gas stability were measured using a pulmonary function and fully automated blood gas analyzer (GEM Premier 4000) before the patients were admitted to the group (before care) and before they were discharged from the hospital (aftercare). Pulmonary function was evaluated based on FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC, and arterial blood gas stability was evaluated based on PaO2, SaO2, and PaCO2 levels.
2.3.2. St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) Evaluation
The health impairment of patients before and after patient care was evaluated based on the St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) [5], which includes dimensions such as disease impact on life, activity limitation, and respiratory condition. The entire scale consists of 50 questions, where the lowest and highest scores on the scale are 0 and 100, respectively, with lower scores indicating less health damage to the patient from the disease.
2.3.3. Evaluation of Knowledge of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Before and after the patients’ care, the patients’ knowledge was evaluated based on the scores of our self-made pulmonary rehabilitation knowledge questionnaire, which consisted of 5 items: diet, medication, disease, exercise, and oxygen therapy. The entire scale consisted of 24 questions, where the lowest and highest scores of the scale were 0 and 24, respectively, with lower scores indicating more desirable patient perceptions of the disease.
2.3.4. Emotion, Hope Level Evaluation
The patient’s mood and hope level were evaluated before and after patient care using the Self-Rating Scale for Depression (SDS), Self-Assessment Scale for Anxiety (SAS), and Herth Hope Scale developed by Zung, respectively; SDS and SAS both contain 20 questions and are rated on a 4-point scale, with lower scores indicating weaker depression and anxiety. The Herth Hope Scale consists of 12 questions, with scores of 12-23 being low, 24-35 being moderate, and 36-48 being high, with higher scores indicating a higher level of hope.
2.3.5. Survival Quality Evaluation
The quality of survival was evaluated on the Quality of Survival Scale before and after patient care, with a total of 26 questions on a 5-point scale, with each question scoring 0-5, with higher scores indicating better quality of survival.
2.3.6. Prognostic Evaluation
The occurrence of adverse events such as multiple organ failure, cardiovascular disease, and death that occurred before the patient was admitted to the hospital for treatment until discharge was used as a prognostic evaluation criterion, and the occurrence was considered a poor prognosis, and the opposite was considered an excellent prognosis.
2.3.7. Nursing Satisfaction Evaluation
Patients in both groups were assessed for nursing satisfaction by our questionnaire, which included 4 items, namely, very satisfied, satisfied, dissatisfied, and very dissatisfied, and (very satisfied + satisfied)/the total number of cases ×100% = total satisfaction.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
SPSS22.0 statistical software was used for analysis and processing. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to test whether the data conformed to a normal distribution, and the measurement data conforming to normal distribution were described by the mean ± standard deviation (), and the independent samples -test was used for comparison between groups, and the paired -test was used for comparison before and after patient care; median and quartile spacing M (Q1, Q3) were applied for those not conforming to the normal distribution, and Wilcoxon’s comparison was used between groups. Count data were expressed as (%), 2 test. was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Pulmonary Function Indexes between the Two Groups
The comparison of pulmonary function between the two groups before care was not significant (); after care, the pulmonary function of the two groups was higher than before care, and the increase was more significant in the study group compared with the control group (). See Table 3 and Figure 1.
3.2. Comparison of Blood Gas Indicators between the Two Groups
The comparison of blood gases between the two groups before care was not significant (); after care, the blood gas indexes of the two groups were higher than before care, and the increase was more significant in the study group compared with the control group (). See Table 4 and Figure 2.
3.3. Comparison of SGRQ Scores for Health Impairment between the Two Groups
The comparison of SGRQ scores of health impairment between the two groups before care was not significant (); after care, the SGRQ scores of health impairment in both groups were lower than before care, and the reduction was more significant in the study group compared with the control group (). See Table 5 and Figure 3.
3.4. Comparison of Knowledge Awareness Scores of Pulmonary Rehabilitation between Two Groups
The comparison of the knowledge scores of the two groups before care was not significant (); after care, the knowledge scores of the two groups were higher than before care, and the increase was more significant in the study group compared with the control group (). See Table 6 and Figure 4.
3.5. Comparison of Mood and Hope Scores between the Two Groups
The comparison of mood and hope scores between the two groups before care was not significant (); after care, the hope scores of the two groups were higher than before care, and the increase was more significant in the study group compared with the control group (); after care, the mood scores of the two groups were lower than before care, and the decrease was more significant in the study group compared with the control group (). See Table 7 and Figure 5.
3.6. Comparison of the Quality of Survival between the Two Groups
The comparison of the quality of survival scores between the two groups before care was not significant (); after care, the quality of survival in both groups was higher than before care, and the increase was more significant in the study group compared with the control group (). Table 8, Figure 6.
3.7. Comparison of Prognosis between the Two Groups
The study group had a higher rate of excellent prognosis than the control group (). See Table 9.
3.8. Comparison of Nursing Satisfaction between the Two Groups
Nursing satisfaction was higher in the study group than in the control group (). See Table 10.
4. Discussion
Currently, the treatment of patients with COPD combined with type II respiratory failure is based on noninvasive ventilation, which is the most commonly used treatment for this disease, and this method has the advantages of easy operation, ready access to the machine, and low trauma to the patient’s organism, which can continuously improve the patient’s hypoxia and respiratory function after application [1, 4, 5]. However, studies have shown [6] that some patients have varying degrees of psychological negativity in the early stages of treatment, which affects the effect of ventilation and increases the risk of poor prognosis, so appropriate nursing interventions need to be given to patients during treatment to improve the prognosis.
Most of the conventional nursing tools currently used in the clinic are based on the patient’s condition in order to maintain treatment, ignoring to some extent the differences in patients’ stage needs [7–9]. Stage-based nursing measures are the hotspot studied at present, which was reported [10] that such nursing means can implement targeted measures and interventions at different stages. Duiring the nursing process, the psychological and physiological characteristics of patients are fully considered, which aimed to obtain the rapid disease recovery from early to late stages. Unlike conventional nursing measures, the stage nursing measures have clearer goals and are related to the patient’s disease recovery process, and are progressive nursing measures with ideal clinical application value [11, 12]. In this paper, the study group performed targeted noninvasive ventilation care in the early, middle, and late stages of treatment to avoid disease deterioration during the stabilization phase and to focus on postwithdrawal respiratory function training during the late withdrawal process. The improvement in pulmonary function and blood gases was found to be more significant in the study group than in the control group aftercare, a result that may be related to the fact that the study group was more effective in diagnosing the patient’s specific disease at multiple stages of care.
It has been reported [13] that some patients develop psychological negativity and lose their level of hope after the onset of the disease due to the fear of not recovering from the disease. The results of this study showed that patients who applied staged care had significantly reduced negative psychological emotions and increased their hope levels, suggesting that staged care may increase hope levels and alleviate negative psychological emotions by promoting patients’ recovery from disease. In addition, the clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment is mostly based on the prognosis of the patients [14]. Therefore, this study further analyzed the impact of patient stage care measures on patient prognosis, which showed that patients in the study group had a higher rate of excellent prognosis. This result is consistent with the fact that care measures can improve the prognosis in both physiological and psychological aspects.
In conclusion, staged nursing interventions can significantly improve pulmonary function and blood gases and improve treatment prognosis in patients with COPD combined with type II respiratory failure with ideal results.
Data Availability
The data used to support this study is available from the corresponding author upon request.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
This paper was funded by the Chinese Medicine Research Program of Zhejiang Province (2021ZB065, 2022ZB078).