A Pilot Study of Compensatory Strategies for Reach-to-Grasp-Pen in Patients with Stroke

Table 2

Kinematic characteristics of the reach-to-grasp-pen task in healthy and stroke subjects.

Parameters	Healthy group ()	Stroke group mild stroke ()	Moderate stroke ()	value	value
Movement time (s)	1.35 (1.25–1.43)	2.49 (1.89–2.77) ± 0.65^a	2.65 (2.08–3.37)^a	20.583	≤0.001
Number of movement unit	1.00 (1.00–1.00)	1.67 (1.50–2.20)^a	2.50 (2.06–3.80)^a	17.799	≤0.001
Index of curvature	1.11 ± 0.06	1.20 ± 0.03^a	1.26 ± 0.33^a	4.645	0.017
Spectral arc length	−1.51 ± 0.08	−1.60 ± 0.08^a	−1.71 ± 0.09^a	12.471	≤0.001
Trunk forward transition (mm)	2.55 (2.26–3.45)	0.20 (0.05–0.49)^a	0.48 (0.35–0.68)^a	21.282	≤0.001
Trunk lateral transition (mm)	1.85 ± 1.29	4.06 ± 2.02^a	3.08 ± 1.80	4.303	0.022
Range of motion (degree)
Elbow extension	69.23 ± 7.29	58.47 ± 10.22^a	50.82 ± 16.43^a	6.242	0.005
Shoulder flexion	54.73 ± 7.12	48.66 ± 9.84	43.11 ± 11.37^a	3.879	0.031
Shoulder abduction	9.84 ± 3.14	12.85 ± 3.55	17.61 ± 9.22^a	4.549	0.019
Trunk rotation	14.91 ± 5.21	13.67 ± 4.85	13.49 ± 7.19	0.183	0.833
Arm-plane angle	23.13 ± 6.70	25.43 ± 8.68	23.21 ± 10.61	0.247	0.783

Mild group: stroke patients with mild motor impairment. Moderate group: stroke patients with moderate motor impairment. ^aCompared with the healthy group, . ^bCompared with the mild group, .