Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are nutrient-rich fruit consumed throughout the world, either directly or in several food products. Six commercially available date cultivars in the US were analyzed for total phenolics, antioxidant activity using ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays, and instrumental color. Total phenolics content varied from 33 to 125 mg GAE/100 g dry weight, with the highest in Barni (Saudi Arabia). Antioxidant values as determined by the ABTS in Deglet Nour (Algeria), Deglet Nour (California), Deglet Noor (Tunisia), Shahia (Tunisia), Barni (Saudi Arabia), and Khudri (Saudi Arabia) were 1300, 1047, 796, 452, 776, and 341 μmol TE/g dry weight, respectively. Antioxidative properties as measure by DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC varied from 3.27 to 3.54, 3.29 to 5.22, and 189 to 243 μmol TE/g dry basis, respectively. Fruit and pulp color of Deglet Nour (Algeria) was lighter whereas pulp of Barni (Saudi Arabia) was the darkest. Antioxidant values varied with different techniques used and also followed a different pattern than that of phenolics content.

Fahad Mohammed Al-Jasass

Muhammad Siddiq

Dalbir S. Sogi

Antioxidants Activity and Color Evaluation of Date Fruit of Selected Cultivars Commercially Available in the United States

Telomerization of vinyl chloride with chloroform was investigated using ferrous chloride-dimethylacetamide system, and 42.1&#x25; yield, more than four times the one reported before, was achieved. The addition of ultrasound further improved the reaction and yield was raised to 51.9&#x25; with trace byproducts at highly reduced reaction time and temperature. Ferrous chloride-dimethylacetamide under ultrasonic irradiation acts as a very efficient catalyst system for the 1&#x2009;:&#x2009;1 telomerization.

Hua Qian

Hengdao Quan

Telomerization of Vinyl Chloride with Chloroform Initiated by Ferrous Chloride-Dimethylacetamide under Ultrasonic Conditions

Ruthenium compounds are highly regarded as potential drug candidates. The compounds offer the potential of reduced toxicity and can be tolerated in vivo. The various oxidation states, different mechanism of action, and the ligand substitution kinetics of ruthenium compounds give them advantages over platinum-based complexes, thereby making them suitable for use in biological applications. Several studies have focused attention on the interaction between active ruthenium complexes and their possible biological targets. In this paper, we review several ruthenium compounds which reportedly possess promising cytotoxic profiles: from the discovery of highly active compounds imidazolium [trans-tetrachloro(dmso)(imidazole)ruthenate(III)] (NAMI-A), indazolium [trans-tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)](KP1019), and sodium trans-[tetrachloridobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)] (NKP-1339) to the recent work based on both inorganic and organometallic ruthenium(II) compounds. Half-sandwich organometallic ruthenium complexes offer the opportunity of derivatization at the arene moiety, while the three remaining coordination sites on the metal centre can be functionalised with various coordination groups of various monoligands. It is clear from the review that these mononuclear ruthenium(II) compounds represent a strongly emerging field of research that will soon culminate into several ruthenium based antitumor agents.

William M. Motswainyana

Peter A. Ajibade

Anticancer Activities of Mononuclear Ruthenium(II) Coordination Complexes

A new organic-inorganic hybrid material, [C10H28N4]Bi2Br10, has been synthesized and characterized. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic P21/c space group with a = 11.410(4)&#x2009;&#xc5;, b = 11.284(4)&#x2009;&#xc5;, c = 12.599(3)&#x2009;&#xc5;, &#x3b2; = 115.93(2)&#xb0;, and V = 1458.8(8)&#x2009;&#xc5;3. The structure consists of discrete dinuclear [Bi2Br10]4&#x2212; anions and [C10H28N4]4+ cations. It consists of a 0-D anion built up of edge-sharing bioctahedron. The crystal net contains N&#x2013;H&#x22ef;Br hydrogen bonds. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) reveals an irreversible phase transition at &#x2212;17&#xb0;C. The frontier molecular orbital and the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) calculation allow the classification of the material as an insulator.

Mohamed El Mehdi Touati

Habib Boughzala

Synthesis and Structural Studies of a New Complex of Di[hexabromobismuthate (III)] 2,5-Propylaminepyrazinium [C10H28N4]Bi2Br10

Micro- and nanoparticles persist in all environmental aquatic systems and their identification and quantification are of considerable importance. Therefore, the application of Laser-induced breakdown to aquatic particles is of interest. Since direct application of this method to water samples is difficult, further understanding of the breakdown is needed. We describe several optical techniques for investigation of laser breakdown in water, including Mach-Zehnder interferometry, shadow, and Schlieren diagnostic. They allow for studying the time dependent structure and physical properties of the breakdown at high temporal and spatial resolutions. Monitoring the formation of microbubbles, their expansion, and the evolution of the associated shockwaves are described. The new understanding is that the plasma column in liquids has a discrete nature, which lasts up to 100&#x2009;ns. Controlling the generation of nanoparticles in the irradiated liquids is discussed. It is shown that multivariate analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy allows for differentiation between various groups of suspended particulates.

Tatiana Kovalchuk-Kogan

Valery Bulatov

Israel Schechter

Optical Breakdown in Liquid Suspensions and Its Analytical Applications

La(III), Zr(IV), and Ce(IV) chelates of 2-[(4-[(Z)-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]aminobutyl)-ethanimidoyl]phenol were synthesized and characterized by using several physical techniques. The Schiff base was obtained by refluxing of o-hydroxyacetophenone with 1,4-butanediamine in 2&#x2009;:&#x2009;1 molar ratio. The CHN elemental analysis results showed the formation of the Schiff base and the chelates has been found to be in 1&#x2009;:&#x2009;1 [M&#x2009;:&#x2009;L] ratio. The molar conductance measurements revealed that all the chelates are nonelectrolytes. Structural elucidations of the ligand and its chelates were based on compatible analytical and spectroscopic evidences. The infrared spectral data revealed that the Schiff base coordinates to the metal ions through active sites which are &#x2013;OH and &#x2013;C=N groups. According to the electronic spectral data, an octahedral geometry was proposed for the chelates. The synthesized ligand and its metal chelates were screened for their antimicrobial activity against two Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella kentucky) and two Gram positive (Lactobacillus fermentum, Streptococcus faecalis) bacterial strains, unicellular fungi (Fusarium solani), and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus niger). The activity data showed that the metal chelates have antibacterial and antifungal activity more than the parent Schiff base ligand against one or more bacterial or fungi species. The results also indicated that the metal chelates are higher sensitive antimicrobial agents as compared to the Schiff base ligand.

M. M. El-ajaily

H. A. Abdullah

Ahmed Al-janga

E. E. Saad

A. A. Maihub

Zr(IV), La(III), and Ce(IV) Chelates with 2-[(4-[(Z)-1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]aminobutyl)-ethanimidoyl]phenol: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Antimicrobial Studies

A series of 2,2,8,8-tetramethyl-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-4,6-diamino-3,7-dihydroxy-6,7-epoxy-benzo-[1,2-b:5,4-b&#x2032;]dipyran derivatives 7a&#x2013;e and 8a&#x2013;e were synthesized from resorcinol. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by FTIR, mass spectra, and 1H NMR. These compounds were evaluated for antihypertensive activity using Wister Albino Rat model. Direct antihypertensive activity was performed using the instrument BIOPAC System MP-36 Santa Barbara, California, for recording blood pressure response. Among the title compounds, compounds 7b, 7c, and 7d showed potent antihypertensive activity and other compounds were also found to exert low and moderate antihypertensive activity. The relaxant potency in rat aorta and trachea was used for biological characterization of the benzopyrans. Structure-activity relationships study was investigated around position-4 of the benzopyran nucleus.

Pankaj Dwivedi

Kuldipsinh P. Barot

Shailesh Jain

Manjunath D. Ghate

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antihypertensive Evaluation of Some Novel 2,2,8,8-Tetramethyl-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-4,6-diamino-3,7-dihydroxy-6,7-epoxy-benzo-[1,2-b:5,4-b&#x2032;]dipyran Derivatives

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Advances in Chemistry