Ground-Penetrating Radar Evaluation of Moisture and Frost across Typical Saskatchewan Road Soils

Table 1

Dielectric values of typical road soil and layer constituents.

Constituent	Dielectic value
Air	1
Freshwater	8
Ice	4
Bedrock (granite)	5–7
Clay	25–40
Silt	16–30
Silty sand	7–10
Sand subbase	4–6
Gravel base	4–7
Glacial till	8–18
Asphalt concrete	4–8
Slag asphalt concrete	8–15
Portland cement concrete	8–10
Bitumen bound base	6–7
Cement bound base	8–10