Ground-Penetrating Radar Evaluation of Moisture and Frost across Typical Saskatchewan Road Soils

Table 3

Summary of Permittivity Results at +20^∘C and −20^∘C.

				Permittivity Results
Soil Type		Gravimetric Moisture Content (%)	Volumetric Water Content (%)	GPR System (1 GHz)	Complex Dielectric Network Analyzer (1 GHz)	Complex Dielectric Network Analyzer Difference from GPR System	Adek Percometer (50 MHz)	Adek Percometer Difference GPR System
Temperature = +20^∘C
Glacial-Alluvium; Gravel Base	Min.	3	7	4.6	4.5	−0.1(−2.2%)	3.0	−1.6(−34.8%)
	Opt.	7	16	6.9	4.4	−2.5(−36.2%)	4.0	−2.9(−42.0%)
	Max.	11	24	10.8	18	7.2(66.7%)	11.0	0.2(1.9%)
Clay-Till Subgrade	Min.	12	22	8.5	4.4	−4.1(−48.2%)	6.0	−2.5(−29.4%)
	Opt.	16	29	17.6	22.3	4.7(26.7%)	20.0	2.4(13.6%)
	Max.	21	38	19.8	28.6	8.8(44.4%)	21.0	1.2(6.1%)
High Plastic Lacustrine; Clay Subgrade	Min.	25	34	8.6	7.6	−1.0(−11.6%)	11.0	2.4(27.9%)
	Opt.	30	41	28.6	31.6	3.0(10.5%)	31.0	2.4(8.4%)
	Max.	40	54	32.0	38.6	6.6(20.6%)	36.0	4.0(12.5%)
Temperature = −20^∘C
Glacial-Alluvium; Gravel Base	Min.	3	7	3.9	2.3	−1.6(−41.0%)	3.0	−0.9(−23.1%)
	Opt.	7	16	4.4	2.2	−2.2(−50%)	3.0	−1.4(−31.8%)
	Max.	11	24	4.0	2.1	−1.9(−47.5%)	4.0	0.0(0.0%)
Clay-Till Subgrade	Min.	12	22	5.8	4.1	−1.7(−29.3%)	5.0	−0.8(−13.8%)
	Opt.	16	29	7.3	4.1	−3.2(−43.8%)	6.0	−1.3(−17.8%)
	Max.	21	38	6.3	4.2	−2.1(−33.3%)	6.0	−0.3(−4.8%)
High Plastic Lacustrine; Clay Subgrade	Min.	25	34	7.2	4.6	−2.6(−36.1%)	5.0	−2.2(−30.6%)
	Opt.	30	41	10.9	4.7	−6.2(−56.9%)	8.0	−2.9(−26.6%)
	Max.	40	54	9.6	4.8	−4.8(−50.0%)	9.0	−0.6(−6.3%)