Table 1
Comparison of proposals based on technique and validation.
| | Proposal | Technique | Validation |
| | Wilmot and Mei [24] | ML: ANN | Have not been mentioned | | An et al. [26] | ML: SVM | Comparison with methods for assessing conceptual cost estimates | | Petroutsatou et al. [23] | ML: ANN | By comparison with other models in literature | | Jafarzadeh et al. [25] | ML: ANN | Have not been mentioned | | Hola and Schabowicz [27] | ML: ANN | Have not been mentioned | | Son et al. [28] | ML: SVM | Comparison with other techniques such as ANN and a decision tree (DT) | | Cheng and Hoang [29] | ML: SVM | Have not been mentioned | | Ji et al. [30] | KBS: case-based reasoning | Using case study | | Choi et al. [31] | KBS: case-based reasoning | By comparison with previous conceptual cost estimation studies | |
K. J. Kim and K. Kim [32] | KBS: case-based reasoning | Have not been mentioned | | Yildiz et al. [33] | KBS | By doing interview with experts | | Lee et al. [34] | KBS: ontology | Comparison with other techniques | | Karakas et al. [41] | ABS: MAS | Interview with expert | | Rojas and Mukherjee [42] | ABS: multiagent | Have not been mentioned | | Kim [36] | KBS: case-based reasoning and analytical hierarchy process | Case study | |
de Albuquerque et al. [38] | ES: genetic algorithm | Have not been mentioned | | Rogalska et al. [37] | ES: hybrid genetic evolutionary algorithm | By comparing the result with case studies from literature | | Ghoddousi et al. [35] | ES: genetic algorithm | By comparing the result with case studies from literature | | Afshar et al. [39] | ES: ant colony | By comparing the results with case studies in construction optimisation | | Zhang and Ng [40] | ES: ant colony | By comparing the results with an academic benchmark | | Kim et al. [43] | HS: statistics, CBR, and database | By comparing the result with case study from literature | | Cheng et al. [44] | HS: SVM and DE | By comparing the result with other methods | | Kim et al. [45] | HS: ANN and GA | Have not been mentioned | |
Yu and Skibniewski [46] | HS: ANN and fuzzy system | By using a case study of residential building construction projects in China | | Williams and Gong [47] | HS: text mining, numerical data, and ensemble classifiers | Have not been mentioned | | Cheng et al. [48] | HS: ANN, GA, and fuzzy system | Have not been mentioned | | Zhang and Xing [49] | HS: fuzzy and particle swarm optimisation | Have not been mentioned |
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