Seismic Response of Tunnel Lining for Shallow-Bias Tunnel with a Small Clear Distance under Wenchuan Earthquake

Table 2

Rock material parameters.

Materials	III-fair rock	IV-poor rock	III-hard rock
E (MPa)	6000	1300	18,900
	0.3	0.25	0.3
Φ (°)	37	30	50
C (kPa)	700	200	1500
γ (kN·m^−3)	23	20	25
σc (MPa)	75	50	100
Thickness (m)	5	3	13