Parametric Study on Mixed Torsional Behavior of U-Shaped Thin-Walled RC Girders

Figure 12

The simulated crack patterns and failure modes: (a) distribution of tensile damage at a load level of 80% ultimate torque and (b) distribution of compressive damage at ultimate load level. “FC” means flexural cracking, “YL” means yielding of longitudinal bars, and “YS” means yielding of stirrups.

(a)

(b)