Individual, Group, and Organizational Factors Affecting Group Bidding Decisions for Construction Projects

Table 1

Factors identified from the literature review and interviews.

Number	Factors	Description	Sources	Levels
1	Risk perception	The group member with higher risk perception would more likely to bid low-risk projects	[50]	Individual
2	Risk preference	The group member who is more risk seeking would more likely to bid high-risk projects	[51, 52]
3	Personal interest	Most of the group members prefer to make a bid decision that could meet their personal interest (e.g., profits and future development)	Interview
4	Number of group members	The size of bidding group will affect the time of reaching consensus, and it also plays a role in the decision quality	[16, 53]	Group
5	Majority influence	A majority of group members often hold the power and impose their opinions on the minority during the decision-making process	[19, 39]
6	Taking expertise into account	The group’s ability of identification and utilizing of expertise of its members is vital to the decision-making performance	[38]
7	Communication	The efficient communication among group members will promote the information flow and improve the decision quality	[27, 54]
8	Team decision preference	The group’s preference determined by previous bidding experiences will impact its bidding decisions in the future	Interview
9	Organizational learning	Learning orientation decreases the possibility of making wrong bidding decisions in the future	[1, 55]	Organizational
10	Customer focus	The degree of willingness of serving clients’ needs has an effect on the group’s biding decisions	[49]
11	Creating change	The ability of adopting improved and new ways in the work impacts the group’s bidding decisions	[1, 45]
12	Core values	Internalized values guide organization members’ behaviors and thus influence the group’s bidding decisions	[1, 56]
13	Agreement	The ability to reach agreement on difficult issues is critical to the group bidding decision performance	[28, 57]
14	Coordination and integration	The degree of group members from different units working together for a common goal significantly influences the decision-making process	[1, 58]
15	Vision	A clear view on the state in the future will encourage group members to take risk during the bidding decision	[1, 59]
16	Goals and objectives	If clear goals are provided for group members, then the bidding group is more likely to make reasonable decisions	[1, 60, 61]
17	Strategic direction and intent	A clear view on long-team purpose and direction prevents group members to underestimate real risks of the current project	[1, 62]
18	Empowerment	Group members which come from an empowered organization are willing to share their knowledge during the decision-making process	[63, 64]
19	Team orientation	The degree of the organization emphasizing the importance of teamwork influences bidding groups’ cohesion and decision performance	[1, 45]
20	Capability development	The degree of the organization emphasizing the investigation of employee development influences bidding group members’ competitions and decision performances	[1]