A Parameter Classification System for Nonrevenue Water Management in Water Distribution Networks
Table 5
Classification of effective parameters suggested for NRW management [4, 8, 36–38].
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Physical parameters
Pipe property
Pipe material, type, inner or outer coating type, elapsed years, mean pipe diameter, pipe thickness, length of water supply pipe, and metal pipe ratio
Pipe material, mean pipe diameter, length of water supply pipe, and elapsed years
Water supply scale
Amount of daily water supply per person, water supply rate, number of demand junctions, and reservoir capacity per pipe length of water distribution systems
Amount of water supply per number of demand junctions
Facility scale
Reservoir capacity, size, configuration (loop or resin type) and pipe length of DMA, area of administrative district, and number of reservoirs
Size and configuration (loop or resin type) and pipe length of DMA
Facility deterioration
Evaluation, ratio and length of deteriorated pipe (age older than 20 years), external corrosion depth and circumference of pipe, internal corrosion depth of pipe and circumference, and new pipe installation per year
Ratio and evaluation of deteriorated pipe
Others
Soil type (chemical classification)
Included in evaluation of deteriorated pipe
Operational parameters
Leaks
Leak measurement facility in DMA and management, number of leaks (10 km), nightly minimum flow, and leak recovery rate
Number of leaks (10 km)
Hydraulic pressure
Hydraulic pressure and stagnant part of DMA
Demand energy ratio
Others
Number of complaints over water quality, self-production rate of tap water, replacement rates of inlet and DMA pipe, water meter and water distribution pipe per year, and installation rate of 13 mm water meter
Included in evaluation of deteriorated pipe
Socioeconomic parameters
Population
Population of water supply per pipe length of water distribution systems, population growth rate, population of water supply per number of demand junctions
Population of water supply per number of demand junctions and population growth rate
Financial condition
Fiscal self-reliance ratio, water price cost recovery rates, and investment ratio of maintenance cost compared to expenditures and that of facility improvement cost compared to expenditures
Fiscal self-reliance ratio and water price cost recovery rates
Others
Percentage of homes older than 21 years and ratio of apartment units
