The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

Figure 11

Major principal stresses monitored along the line (AB) (Figure 12) for the intact FEM Hoek–Brown model (purple line), the intact FEM-DISL model (red line), and the intact FDEM model (blue line). In situ stress measurements (stress cell SM-5) are plotted for comparison [50]. The purple hatched area indicates the extent of the damaged zone (yielded elements) for the FEM Hoek–Brown model along line (AB). The red hatched area indicates the extent of the damaged zone (yielded elements) for the FEM-DISL model along line (AB). The blue hatched area indicates the extent of the damaged zone (failure of cohesive elements) for the FDEM model along line (AB). The blue dashed line indicates the ending point of the collapsed material and the starting point of the damaged zone in the FDEM model. The red dashed line indicates the ending point of the HDZ and the starting point of the EDZ in the FEM-DISL model. The red continuous line indicates the ending point of the EDZ in the FEM-DISL model.