The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

Figure 14

Major principal stress contours of the fractured FEM model using the Hoek–Brown criterion (GSI = 80). Yielded elements in shear (×) and in tension (○) are plotted. The dashed black line indicates the damage profile based on the recorded yielded elements. White lines indicate the contributing joints to the obtained damage profile.