The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

Figure 16

Major principal stress contours of the fractured FDEM model. Cohesive elements failing in tension (Mode I fractures) are coloured red, and cohesive elements failing in shear (Mode II fractures) are coloured yellow. The dashed black line indicates the damage profile based on the monitored fractures. The continuous black line indicates the collapsed material. White lines indicate the contributing joints to the obtained damage profile.