The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

Figure 17

Comparison between damage profiles for (a) the FEM Hoek–Brown intact (purple continuous line) and fractured (black dashed line) models, (b) the FEM-DISL intact (red dashed line) and fractured (black dashed line) models, and (c) the FDEM intact (blue dotted line-collapsed material and blue dash-dotted line-damaged material) and fractured (black continuous line-collapsed material and black dashed line-damaged material) models.

(a)

(b)

(c)