The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

<div>Tunnel model configuration created in Irazu (left) and in RS2 (right). The geometrical characteristics of the excavation and the applied geostatic stresses correspond to the ones recorded and monitored at the URL Test Tunnel.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 2: The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 

Figure 2 | The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 