The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

<div>Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test for the calibration of the FDEM elastic microparameters based on the deformability properties of the LdB granite. (a) The initial UCS configuration and (b) the UCS specimen at its postpeak condition. Black fractures indicate failure in tension (Mode I), and yellow fractures indicate failure in shear (Mode II).</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 3: The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 

Figure 3 | The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques 