The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

Figure 7

Major principal stress contours of the intact FEM model using the Hoek–Brown criterion (GSI = 80). (a) Elastic response of the model at 60% of the induced stresses (tunnel advancing) and (b) final model state after the completion of the excavation. Yielded elements in shear (×) and in tension (○) are plotted.

(a)

(b)