The Numerical Simulation of Hard Rocks for Tunnelling Purposes at Great Depths: A Comparison between the Hybrid FDEM Method and Continuous Techniques

Figure 8

Major principal stress contours of the intact FEM model using the DISL approach [16]. (a) Elastic response of the model at 60% of the induced stresses (tunnel advancing), and (b) final model state after the completion of the excavation. Yielded elements in shear (×) and in tension (○) are plotted. Yielded elements in tension at the crown and floor of the excavation are the result of extensile fracturing. Numerical results are consistent with the results by [16].

(a)

(b)