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| Level 5: external factors | Regulatory factors | A: regulator cannot “reach” duty holders; B: ineffective regulators’ inspections and enforcement; C: inadequate regulatory standards |
| Economic/political/social/legal environment | A: insufficient laws, regulations, and policies related to construction safety; B: insufficient publicity of laws, regulations, and policies related to construction safety; C: society prioritizing other issues over safety; E: supply problems: services/materials/labor; F: restrictive economic conditions |
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| Level 4: organizational influences | Safety culture | A: managers’ lack of values and beliefs of safety; B: ineffective enterprise safety system; C: not well-organized enterprise safety organization or ambiguous responsibilities (from the corporate level) |
| Resource management | A: inefficient human resources allocation and selection (from the enterprise level); B: insufficient safety training program; C: lack of safety investment and overcutting costs; D: purchase of unsuitable materials (type or size) and equipment |
| Organizational process | A: ineffective procedures and contingency plan; B: excessive emphasis on other purposes rather than safety management; C: failed to fulfill the designated enterprise safety system and responsibilities; D: ineffective resource supervision and fulfillment |
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| Level 3: unsafe supervision | Inadequate design work | A: ineffective supervisory system, safety plans, and schemes on site; B: excessive task load; C: ineffective personnel allocation and labor organization on site |
| On-site management defects | A: failed to fulfill the designed work on site and responsibilities; B: failure to correct unsafe acts timely; C: ineffective potential safety hazard checking and controlling; D: ineffective track management |
| Supervisory violations | A: failed to comply with company safety rules and regulations; B: violation in commanding; C: authorized unqualified working team or group to perform |
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| Level 2: the preconditions of unsafe acts | Status of operators | Adverse psychological states | A: stress; B: abnormal feeling fluctuation; C: fluke mind, empiric mind, impulse mind, and others |
| Adverse physiological states | A: physical fatigue; B: illness; C: poisoning; D: physical limitations |
| Adverse spiritual states | A: distractions; B: weak safety consciousness; C: poor safety attitude; D: excessive self-confidence |
| Skill underutilization | A: inadequate experience; B: inadequate safety knowledge and skills |
| Tools and equipment | Design defects | A: lack of inconspicuous warnings and signals; B: lack of the consideration of man-machine ergonomics |
| Improper use and operation | A: use of tools and equipment against operating specification; B: use of tools/equipment with defects; C: overload use of tools and equipment; D: not using PPE (personal protective equipment) |
| Physical environment | A: dirty, chaotic, and poor work environment; B: noise/lighting/ground conditions; C: narrow space; D: insufficient ventilation and oxygen; E: poor geological environment; F: bad weather |
| Level 1: unsafe acts | Errors | Perceptual errors | A: wrong perception of equipment, environment, and personnel; B: misunderstanding of SOP (standard operating procedure) |
| Decision errors | A: poor risk identification; B: exceeded ability; C: poor decision |
| Skill-based errors | A: selecting the wrong method to perform; B: omitted step in the procedure; C: simplified operation procedure |
| Violations | A: routine violations; B: exceptional violations |
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