Political Risk Paths in International Construction Projects: Case Study from Chinese Construction Enterprises

Table 1

Political risk factors and consequences in international construction projects.

Grouping	Factors	References
A: sociopolitical stability	A1: government unity	[7, 18, 19]
	A2: factional conflicts	[7, 18, 19]
	A3: religious and ethnic tensions	[7, 18, 19]
B: legal and regulatory	B1: poor enforcement mechanisms	[7, 20, 21]
	B2: policy uncertainty	[4, 5, 21]
	B3: unfairness of judicial process	[7, 20, 22]
	B4: price controls	[4, 5]
	B5: speediness of judicial process	[7, 20]
C: social safety	C1: crime	[4, 23]
	C2: terrorism	[4, 23]
	C3: violent demonstrations	[4, 23]
	C4: armed conflicts	[4, 23]
	C5: kidnapping or extortion	[4, 23]
D: economy performance	D1: inflation	[5, 24, 25]
	D2: unemployment	[5, 24, 25]
	D3: exchange rate volatility	[5, 24, 25]
	D4: recession	[24–26]
E: attitude towards foreigners	E1: hostility to foreigners	[5]
	E2: confiscation or expropriation	[26]
	E3: discrimination against foreign companies	[5, 27]
F: international interactive relations	F1: external conflicts	[3, 9]
	F2: international economic crisis	[3, 9, 26]
	F3: external interferences	[3, 9, 28]
G: low exposure	G1: low attribute exposure	[17]
	G2: low strategy exposure	[17]
	G3: low transaction exposure	[17]
H: capability of enterprises	H1: core competitive capacity	[17]
	H2: relative bargain capacity	[17]
	H3: integrate adaptive capacity	[17]
I: risk consequences	I1: profits	[5, 7]
	I2: stability and sustainability	[5, 7]
	I3: safety	[5, 7]