Use of Silica Fume and GGBS to Improve Frost Resistance of ECC with High-Volume Fly Ash

Figure 7

The load-deflection of ECC (70% FA) subjected to different times of freeze-thaw cycles: (a) in tap water, (b) in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, and (c) the corresponding toughness with different times of freeze-thaw cycles.

(a)

(b)

(c)