Use of Silica Fume and GGBS to Improve Frost Resistance of ECC with High-Volume Fly Ash

Table 1

Physical properties and chemical compositions of raw materials.

Chemical composition (%)	PC	FA	SL	SF	Physical properties	PC	FA	SL	SF
CaO	62.28	2.93	26.6	0.33	Loss on ignition (%)	1.61	3.03	0.40	—
SiO2	21.08	65.7	34.18	90.54	Average particle size ()	—	3.4	1.7	—
Al2O3	5.47	20.63	13.8	0.77	Density (g/cm^3)	3.18	2.43	2.85	—
MgO	1.73	2.25	9.15	1.68	Specific surface area (m^2/kg)	—	655	476	23000
Fe2O3	3.96	4.65	15.32	1.77
SO3	2.63	0.28	0.50	0.40