Vertical Rods as a Seismic Reinforcement Technique for Rammed Earth Walls: An Assessment

Table 1

Parameters of intralayers and interlayers used in the DEM model.

	Tensile strength, ft	Cohesion, c	Friction angle, φ	Normal stiffness, kn	Shear stiffness, ks
Intralayers	133 kPa	133 kPa	45°	NA	NA
Interlayers	113 kPa	113 kPa	38°	60 GPa/m	24.6 GPa/m