Simplified Method for Calculating the Active Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls of Narrow Backfill Width Based on DEM Analysis

<div>Deviatoric stress versus axial strain from PFC-2D biaxial test simulations.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

Figure 3: Simplified Method for Calculating the Active Earth Pressure on Retaining Walls of Narrow Backfill Width Based on DEM Analysis 