Predictive Analysis of Settlement Risk in Tunnel Construction: A Bow-Tie-Bayesian Network Approach

Table 1

Standards for monitoring surface settlement in shield tunnel excavation.

Country	U.S.	Japan	France	Germany	China
Acceptable surface settlement (mm)	10–15	25–50	Hard rock: 10–20; Soft rock: 20–50	50	Hard soil: 10–40; Soft soil: 15–45