Frost Heave of Irrigation Canals in Seasonal Frozen Regions

<table class="table-group" id="tab1"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Meteorological factor</td><td class="align_center">Data</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="2"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Annual mean precipitation (mm)</td><td class="align_center">538.9</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Annual evaporation (mm)</td><td class="align_center">1212</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Annual average sunshine hours (h)</td><td class="align_center">2200</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Annual highest phreatic water level in winter (m)</td><td class="align_center">3.0</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Annual average freezing index (°C·d)</td><td class="align_center">77</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Lowest daily average temperature (°C)</td><td class="align_center">−13.6</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Annual average temperature (°C)</td><td class="align_center">13.4</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Annual average frozen depth (cm)</td><td class="align_center">20–40</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left">Frost-free period (d)</td><td class="align_center">232</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="2"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Meteorological data for the Jinghui Irrigation Area.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Table 1

Table 1: Frost Heave of Irrigation Canals in Seasonal Frozen Regions 