Prediction of Landslide Position of Loose Rock Mass at Mountain Tunnel Exit

Table 1

Summary of prediction method.

Prediction method	The existing research
	Researcher	Research means and results
Field monitoring measurement	Lu et al. [14]	Put forward the standard value of landslide warning index
	Osman et al. [15]	Put forward a criterion of landslide identification
Various nonlinear theories and algorithms	Xu [16]	A gray cusp catastrophe model
	Hao et al. [17]	The Verhulst function model
	Cui et al. [18]
	Chen et al. [19]	Nonlinear time series model based on ε-SVR (support vector regression) algorithm
	Jiang [20]	Nonlinear time series model based on PSO-SVR algorithm
Numerical analysis	Kim [21]	Finite element
	Faria [22]
	Xiang et al. [23]
	Alija et al. [24]
	Zhang [25]	Boundary element
	Liu et al. [26]	Discrete element
Geometric method	Wang et al. [27]	Obtained the instability criterion of loose rock at tunnel exit based on a simplified mechanics model