Hybrid Numerical Investigation on Soil-Hammer Interaction during Dynamic Compaction

Figure 5

Particle displacement punched by (a) flat-bottomed hammer, (b) concave-bottomed hammer, and (c) convex-bottomed hammer at 3.7 ms and particle displacement punched by (d) flat-bottomed hammer, (e) concave-bottomed hammer, and (f) convex-bottomed hammer at 15 ms (the upper parts of hammers are truncated in this figure).

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)