Hybrid Numerical Investigation on Soil-Hammer Interaction during Dynamic Compaction

Table 1

Micromechanical parameters used in DEM (PFC3D).

Parameter type	Ball-ball	Ball-wall
Density ρ (kg·m^−3)	2600
Contact modulus Ec (Pa)	8.0 × 10^7	8.0 × 10^7
Ratio of stiffness kn/ks	2	2
Normal critical damping ratio	0.9	1
Shear critical damping ratio	0.9
Tensile strength (Pa)	2.0 × 10^4
Cohesion (Pa)	2.0 × 10^5
Porosity	0.4
Frictional coefficient	0.6	0.01