Comparison of Uplift Capacity and Nonlinear Failure Surfaces of Single-Belled Anchor in Homogeneous and Layered Sand Deposits

Table 1

Properties of sand I (S_I) and sand II (S_II).

Physical properties	Test results
	SI	SII
Medium sand, 2 to 0.425 mm (%)	93.50	77.50
Fine sand, 0.425 to 0.075 mm (%)	6.50	23.00
Silt and clay, 0.075 to 0.002 mm (%)	1.05	1.50
Effective grain size, D10 (mm)	0.71	0.23
Average grain size, D50 (mm)	0.93	0.65
Coefficient of curvature, Cc	0.91	1.33
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu	1.00	3.26
Sand classification as per USCS	SP	SW
Specific gravity, Gs	2.67	2.69
Minimum void ratio, emin	0.63	0.49
Maximum void ratio, emax	0.88	0.79
Void ratio at placement density, eexptl.	0.71	0.58
Minimum dry density, γmin (kN/m^3)	14.20	15.00
Maximum dry density, γmax (kN/m^3)	16.50	18.20
Placement dry density, γ (kN/m^3)	15.60	16.90
Relative density, Dr (%)	64.38	63.94
Engineering properties
Undrained cohesion, c (kN/m^2)	0.00	0.00
Soil internal friction angle, ϕ (°)	33.50	39.00
Coefficient of hydraulic conductivity, k (m/sec)	1.83 × 10^−4	7.83 × 10^−5
Modulus of elasticity, Es (kPa)	31,600	46,000
Dilatancy angle, ψ (°)	3.50	9.00