Advances in Civil Engineering

Review Article

A Review of Multicriteria Assessment Techniques Applied to Sustainable Infrastructure Design

Table 2

Main environmental criteria and indicators.


Environmental criteria	Indicator	Assessment	References

Emission of pollutants	kg CO₂/output unit	Quantitative	[19–21, 26–28, 30, 32, 34–36, 56, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 82, 87–90, 92–94]
	kg SO₂/output unit	Quantitative	[20, 35, 64, 67, 68, 70, 72, 92]
	kg NOx/output unit	Quantitative	[20, 35, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 72, 92]
	€/kg pollutant removed	Quantitative	[24]
	Costs of medical care needs due to pollution (€)	Quantitative	[61]
	Oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphates emitted to water	Quantitative	[80]
	Assessment by experts through point scale	Qualitative	[23, 25, 29, 31, 33, 38, 39, 41, 43, 45, 52, 54, 55, 58–60, 62, 63, 66, 69, 71, 73, 78, 81, 83, 85, 91, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101]

Energy consumption	MJ (MWh)/output unit	Quantitative	[19, 20, 26–28, 30, 32, 34–36, 72, 74, 75, 82, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94]
	€/year/output unit	Quantitative	[24]
	Tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE)	Quantitative	[99]
	Assessment by experts through point scale	Qualitative	[25, 29, 31, 33, 38–40, 42, 45, 73, 95, 101]

Raw material consumption	Consumption/output unit	Quantitative	[19–21, 26–28, 35, 68, 72, 74, 75, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94]
Raw material consumption	Assessment by experts through point scale	Qualitative	[25, 31, 33, 38–40, 42, 43, 45, 82, 96, 98]

Waste generation	kg/output unit	Quantitative	[26, 32, 35, 72, 87]
Waste generation	Assessment by experts through point scale	Qualitative	[29, 31, 33, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 95, 96, 98, 100]

Land use	m²/output unit		[68]
	Assessment by experts through point scale	Qualitative	[24, 28, 29, 38, 39, 42, 45, 51, 55, 66, 69, 71, 73, 77, 78, 91, 96, 98]
	Aquatic ecotoxicity, salinity, biological indices	Quantitative	[70, 79, 80]

Eutrophication	kg phosphate/output unit	Quantitative	[35, 36, 70, 72, 90]
Eutrophication	Assessment by experts through point scale	Qualitative	[42, 77, 78, 98]

Ozone depletion	kg CFC (Chlorofluorocarbons)/output unit	Quantitative	[34–36, 70, 72, 90]
Ozone depletion	Assessment by experts through point scale	Qualitative	[33, 42]