Upper-Bound Finite Element Adaptive Analysis of Plane Strain Heading in Soil with a Soft Upper Layer and Hard Lower Layer

<div>Analytical model for a rectangular tunnel face in soil with a soft upper layer and hard lower layer. (a) Definition of the problem. (b) Initial mesh divisions for <i>C/D</i> = 1.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Figure 1

Figure 1: Upper-Bound Finite Element Adaptive Analysis of Plane Strain Heading in Soil with a Soft Upper Layer and Hard Lower Layer 