Upper-Bound Finite Element Adaptive Analysis of Plane Strain Heading in Soil with a Soft Upper Layer and Hard Lower Layer

Table 3

Calculation soil parameters of the numerical model.

Soil	γ (kN/m^3)	Elasticity modulus, E (MPa)	c (kPa)	ϕ (°)	Poisson ratio, ν
Soft 1	19	25	40	12	0.3
Hard soil	23	150	80	32	0.23