Numerical Simulation of Bedrock Sagging Sinkholes in Strain-Softening Rock Induced by Embankment Construction

<table class="table-group" id="tab3"><tr><td><table class="table"><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr class="thead"><td class="align_left">Method</td><td class="align_center">Θ</td><td class="align_center">Intact rock</td><td class="align_center">Rock mass</td></tr><tr><td class="thead-hr" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Determined by fitting the failure curves</td><td class="align_center">GSI</td><td class="align_center">100</td><td class="align_center">88</td></tr><tr><td class="align_center"><i>m</i><sub>i</sub></td><td class="align_center">13</td><td class="align_center">13</td></tr><tr><td class="align_left" colspan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td class="align_left" rowspan="2">Estimated by Hoek’s published tables</td><td class="align_center">GSI</td><td class="align_center">100</td><td class="align_center">50–60</td></tr><tr><td class="align_center"><i>m</i><sub>i</sub></td><td class="align_center">9–15</td><td class="align_center">9–15</td></tr><tr class="table-tr"><td colspan="4"><hr class="tbody-hr"/></td></tr></table></td></tr></table>

<div>Comparison between the fitting method and the published estimating method.</div>

Advances in Civil Engineering

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Table 3

Table 3: Numerical Simulation of Bedrock Sagging Sinkholes in Strain-Softening Rock Induced by Embankment Construction 