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| Critical factors and links | Associated critical stakeholder | Primary challenges and explanation |
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S1F7
S1F7⟶S2F4
S1F7⟶S5F5 | Governments
Governments
Governments | 1. SMEs are short on resources: SMEs are often extremely short on project resources [69]; as a result, they cannot afford extra overheads on infrastructure construction and training people to support new technology. SMEs’ downstream beneficiaries also do not pay compensation to upstream for additional cost and effort. Thus, companies with limited human, time, and financial resources must focus on what they consider to be important criteria for success. |
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S3F26
S5F22
S2F30⟶S5F33
S5F22⟶S3F26 | Designers
Owners
Contractors
Owners | 2. Collaboration challenges: The fragmented nature of construction industries leads to difficulties in sharing information and collaboration among different participants. Meanwhile, willingness to share information among project participants is considered the most critical [70]. The lack of cooperation consciousness and 2D-based work habits cause the production efficiency of the construction industry to be considerably lower than that of other industries, which is unconducive to the sustainable development of SMEs. |
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S5F19
S5F7⟶S5F19
S5F19⟶S3F16 | Owners
Contractors
Owners | 3. Lack of BIM awareness: As a new technology, BIM has been adopted and applied by large enterprises and has been gradually combined with project management and even enterprise management. However, SMEs lack the awareness of BIM and neither understand what BIM is nor how BIM is combined with the current working methods. Thus, the benefits of BIM to enterprises are difficult to determine. |
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S1F31
S2F24
S3F23
S1F31⟶S3F23
S5F29⟶S2F33 | Governments
Contractors
Contractors
Governments
Owners | 4. Legal disputes and uncertainties in policies: The construction industry is a complex process involving numerous people and information. When design information is generated in collaboration among several participants, identifying inaccurate responsibilities can be problematic [65]. No law explicitly addresses BIM disputes, and SMEs are worried about their own interests. |
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S5F12
S5F10
S4F11⟶S3F26 | Owners
Owners
Software developers | 5. Difficulties in meeting SMEs’ needs: A 3D coordination and design review is considered the most effective and prevalent application of BIM today [71]. Projects in SMEs may be too simple to determine the benefits of BIM. Scalability to handle small, simple, and large, complex projects must be improved in an environment where conventional CAD remains adequate. |
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S5F1
S4F3⟶S4F11 | Owners
Designers | 6. Concerns about data and information: The BIM model must store considerable data, involving input, output, and update. The accuracy of data transmission among different project teams must be ensured. Enterprises will not upload important data if data security cannot be guaranteed. Data security must be ensured through encryption or the use of secure file exchange servers during transmission [72]. |
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