Advances in Laboratory-Scale Hydraulic Fracturing Experiments

Figure 5

Photos of typical samples made of different materials before and after hydraulic fracturing experiments. (a) Granite [81]. (b) Mortar [85]. (c) Shale [62]. (d) Concrete [84]. (e) Sandstone [79]. (f) Coal [66]. (g) Ice [107]. (h) Carbonate [109]. (i) Limestone [110].

(a)

(b)

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(d)

(e)

(f)

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(i)