Influence of Tunneling in Cohesionless Soil for Different Tunnel Geometry and Volume Loss under Greenfield Condition

Table 1

Material properties of sand layer [25].

Parameter	Loose sand (LS)	Medium dense sand (MDS)	Dense sand (DS)	Unit
Material model	Mohr–Coulomb	Mohr–Coulomb	Mohr–Coulomb	—
Material behaviour	Drained	Drained	Drained	—
Unsaturated unit weight, (γunsat)	16	17	18	kN/m^3
Saturated unit weight, (γsat)	19	20	21	kN/m^3
Young’s modulus, E	1.5 E + 04	3.0 E + 04	4.5 E + 04	kN/m^2
Poisson’s ratio, ν	0.3	0.35	0.4	—
Cohesion (constant for sand)	1	1	1	kN/m^2
Friction angle, φ	30	35	40	^0
Dilatancy angle, ψ	0	5	10	^0