Displacement Characteristics of an Urban Tunnel in Silty Soil by the Shallow Tunnelling Method

Figure 10

Surface settlement characteristics (tunnel face: section x = 50 m). (a) Surface settlement with construction sequences, (b) surface settlement with distance from the tunnel face, (c) surface settlement troughs with construction sequences, and (d) whole surface settlement troughs.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)