Quantitative Definition of Seismic Performance Levels for Precast Bridge Piers with Continuous Reinforcement

Table 2

Qualitative and quantitative performance levels correlated with engineering parameters and repair techniques [27, 28].

Limit states (LS)	Operational performance level	Postearthquake serviceability	Qualitative performance description	Quantitative performance description	Repair
1A			No cracks		No repair
1B	Fully operational	Full service	Few cracks that can be easily repaired with no consequence on serviceability		Limited epoxy injection
2	Delayed operational	Limited service (emergency vehicle only)	Initiation of inelastic deformation; onset of concrete longitudinal cracks	, , crack width = 2 mm	Epoxy injection; concrete patching
3	Stability	Closed	Wide crack width/spalling over full local mechanism regions; buckling of main reinforcement; fracture of transverse hoops; crushing of core concrete; strength degradation	(initial core crushing); (fracture of hoops); = 0.07 (longitudinal reinforcement fracture); (onset of buckling)	Extensive repair/reconstruction

 = axial strain of concrete;  = post-peak axial strain in concrete when capacity drops to 50% of confined strength;  = ultimate strain of concrete; = average tensile strain in longitudinal reinforcement,  = tensile strain at fracture;  = steel strain at the onset of buckling of longitudinal bars.