|
Code | Risks | Codes/risk factors | References |
|
R1 | Wars and civil unrest among local population | F1 local political/social instability | |
F2 local government change | KarimiAzari et al. [25] |
F3 cultural and religious conflicts | Zayed et al. [26] |
F4 exchange rate changes |
F5 poor availability of local foreign exchange |
|
R2 | Increasing costs of fuel, material, equipment, and labour | F6 local currency changes | |
F7 local market price changes/inflation | Xiaopeng and pheng [27] |
F8 lack of funding | |
F9 supply deficiencies (transport/delivery of materials, equipment, and labour) | Liu et al. [28] |
F10 increase in bank interest rate | Zhao et al. [29] |
|
R3 | Exchange rate change | F11 local and national tax increase (payment, evasion, implementation) | Creedy et al. [30] |
F12 new local government regulations (taxation, labour, safety, waste, environment, etc.) | Santoso and soeng [31] Yildiz et al. [32] |
|
R4 | Project fund shortage | F13 no fund management system | |
F14 incorrect cash management/foreign exchange management | |
F15 excess monetary investment in early project stages | |
|
R5 | The local public objected to the project | F64 communication conflicts between project employees and residents (language barriers, use of translators, translation accuracy, etc.) | Zayed et al. [26]; yildiz et al. [32] |
F65 malicious attacks on individuals by project employees | Dikmen and Birgonul [33] |
F66 construction has considerable impact on residents’ lives | Liu et al. [28] |
|
R6 | Changes in laws and regulations | F61 contracts with local governments are mandatory | Han et al. [34] |
F62 local government departments/services are inefficient, slow to respond, and bureaucratic | Hakami [35] Tran and molenaar [36] |
F63 strict/different local business practices (business culture, systems, geography, personality, assimilation requirements, etc.) | Mathew et al. [37] |
|
R7 | Environmental damage caused by construction | F80 construction pollution | |
F81 emission of hazardous chemicals and gases from construction | Han et al. [34] |
F82 improper disposal of construction waste | Xiaopeng and pheng [27] |
F83 hazardous construction sites and materials | |
F35 no substitute supplier/subcontractor in case of failure or failure to deliver | |
F36 aboriginal land rights and owners | |
F37 restrictions of local laws and regulations (including customs/export/import restrictions, etc.) | |
F38 poor land conditions (mining activities, public facilities, historic sites, pollutants, etc.) | |
F39 transport difficulties (poor local traffic conditions, traffic restrictions by relevant departments) | |
F40 local government interference | Han et al. [34] |
|
R8 | Regional disparity and climate impacts | F41 imperfect supervision/control system (quality, cost, time) | Xiaopeng and pheng [27] |
F46 employees refused to sign up F47 employee diseases (plague | |
F48 project labour absence/potential occupational liability/laziness | Liu et al. [28] |
F49 insufficient work experience of project employees in using materials/technologies/equipment (problems with the use of special materials and new materials) | |
F50 lack of safety knowledge, skills, and training for employees | |
F51 poor accessibility of local materials/technologies/equipment (raw materials and semi-finished products are unavailable) | |
F52 improper material/technology/equipment procurement plan | |
F19 poor quality of goods and services from suppliers/subcontractors | |
F41 imperfect supervision/control system (quality, cost, time) | Liu et al. [28] |
|
R9 | Quality defects in construction materials | F42 poor attitudes of field staff toward quality, cost, environment, safety, trust, and opportunity | El-sayegh and mansour [38] |
F43 lack of sampling inspection/product contamination leading to quality defects | Zhao et al. [29] |
F44 low quality, competence, reliability, and productivity of project employees | Lee et al. [39] |
F45 insufficient identification of safety, quality, etc. | |
F30 insufficient technical resources, skills and knowledge of suppliers/subcontractors | |
F53 errors in installation of construction equipment | |
|
R10 | Damage to labour, materials, equipment, and building | F54 equipment reliability/safety/low productivity | Hakami [35] |
F55 local natural disasters (heatwave, wind, rain, cold, damp, fire, tsunami, volcano, earthquake, flood, storm, tornado, landslide, lightning, etc.) | Liu et al. [28] Santoso and soeng [31] |
F57 insufficient safety material and equipment | Yildiz et al. [32] |
F58 low accessibility/high maintenance cost for key components and accessories | |
F60 construction equipment type mismatch | |
F36 aboriginal land rights and owners | |
F67 local government approval/intervention | |
F68 government expropriation, government nationalization restrictions on business operations | |
F69 the scale of the project does not conform to the scale required | |
F70 innovation and development needs (standardization level, technology/details/materials, etc.) | Liu et al. [28] |
|
R11 | The design changes of the project | F71 unclear expectations/requirements of owner/user/operator | El-sayegh and mansour [38] |
|
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F72 owners’ overdependence on consultants/construction interventions | |
F74 design error | |
F75 imperfect databases, outdated information, late information, inaccurate information, unusable information, incomprehensible information | |
F76 design code conflicts with local code | |
F77 engineers’ corruption/unreasonable decisions | |
F78 engineer’s uncertainty about changes in the scope of work, specifications, costs, duration, etc. | |
F39 transport difficulties (poor local traffic conditions, traffic restrictions of relevant departments) | |
F42 poor attitudes of field staff toward quality, cost, environment, safety, trust, and opportunity | |
F43 lack of sampling inspection/product contamination leading to quality defects | |
F45 insufficient identification of safety, quality, etc. | |
F50 lack of safety knowledge, skills, and training for employees | Hakami [35] |
F53 error in installation of construction equipment | Liu et al. [28] |
|
R12 | Accident occurrence | F54 equipment reliability/safety/low productivity | Santoso and soeng [31] |
F55 local natural disasters (heatwave, wind, rain, cold, damp, fire, tsunami, volcano, earthquake, flood, storm, tornado, landslide, lightning, etc.) | Yildiz et al. [32] |
F56 insufficient safety education tips on project construction site | |
F57 insufficient safety of material and equipment used | |
F58 low accessibility/high maintenance cost for key components and accessories | |
F59 crisis preparedness—inadequate contingency planning | |
F60 construction equipment type mismatch | |
R9 quality defects in construction materials | |
F16 lack of communication among project participants | |
F17 unfair provisions in overseas contracts | |
F18 conflict in industrial relations | |
F19 poor quality of goods and services from suppliers/subcontractors | |
F20 supplier/subcontractor increased costs and delayed costs for goods and services | |
F21 supplier/subcontractor goods without warranty service | |
F22 owner’s cash flow/arrears | |
F23 errors or omissions in quantities invoiced, inconsistent information in practice, inaccurate budgets, etc. | Hanna et al. [40] |
|
R13 | Contract disputes/termination of contract | F24 project partner’s credit insufficiency | Creedy et al. [30] |
F25 owner’s requirement for technology/rights is too stringent | Liu et al. [28] |
F26 issues with contract terms (date of completion is not clear, etc.) | Yildiz et al. [32] |
F27 lack of guarantee or insufficient guarantee | Mathew et al. [37] |
F28 wrong expression of contract definition | |
F29 claim management is unclear | |
F30 insufficient technical resources, skills and knowledge of suppliers/subcontractors | |
F31 potential litigation issues; complexity of contracts and documents | |
F33 owner’s attitude towards scope, norm, cost, duration, etc. is not clear | |
F34 owners’ requirements for environmental protection, safety, quality, and time are too demanding | |
F35 no substitute supplier/subcontractor in case of failure or failure to deliver | |
F19 poor quality of goods and services from suppliers/subcontractors | |
F20 supplier/subcontractor increased costs and delayed costs for goods and services | |
F21 supplier/subcontractor goods without warranty service | |
F24 project partner’s credit insufficiency | Santoso and Soeng [31] Liu et al. [28] |
|
R14 | Subcontractor breach | F26 issues with of contract terms (date of completion is not clear, etc.) | |
F28 wrong expression of contract definition |
F30 insufficient technical resources, skills and knowledge of suppliers/subcontractors |
F51 poor accessibility of local materials/technologies/equipment (raw materials and semi-finished products are unavailable) |
F22 owner’s cash flow/arrears |
F24 project partner’s credit insufficiency |
F26 issues with contract terms (date of completion is not clear, etc.) |
|
R15 | Client defaults on project | F28 wrong expression of contract definition | Xiaopeng and pheng [27] Yildiz et al. [32] |
F31 potential litigation issues; complexity of contracts and documents | |
F33 owner’s attitude towards scope, norm, cost, duration, etc. is not clear | |
F34 owners’ requirements for environmental protection, safety, quality, and time are too demanding | |
|
R16 | Disease and health problems | F47 employee diseases (plague) | Yildiz et al. [32] |
F84 unhygienic project site or staff dormitory, congenital diseases | Thweatt and long [41] |
|