Calculation of Soil Deformation Caused by Shield Tunneling through the Sludge Layer with Plastic Drainage Plates

Figure 7

Surface deformation curves caused by various factors, (a) frontal additional pressure, (b) uneven lateral friction, (c) frontal friction generated by the shield cutterhead, and (d) shield machine restart after shutdown.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)