Experimental Study on the Temperature Field of Cold Region Tunnel under Various Groundwater Seepage Velocities

Table 1

Model test equipment and devices.

Item	Specification
Constant temperature tank	Heating power is 6 kW, volume is 1,000 L
Pump	Water head is 9 m, flow velocity is 30 L/min
Thermal insulation tank	Volume is 18 L
Air blower	Maximum wind speed is 4 m/s
Temperature sensor	Resistance temperature detector (HSRTD-3-100-A) with an accuracy of ± 0.15°C
Flow meter	Liquid mass flow meter (DMF-1-1-A) with a precision of ± 0.2%, measurement scope is 0–40 kg/h
Ultrasonic anemometer	Measurement scope is 0–40 m/s, accuracy is 0.01 m/s
Refrigerator	Refrigerating power is 2 kW, minimum temperature is −30°C